Answer 3 questions about art museums Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer 3 questions about art museums - Essay Example The museum shop reminds patrons that the art works they are seeing are displayed by an organization that is reliant on funding and profit. This is a significant realization as it necessitates that the museum be considered with the same analytical lens as one would apply to traditional businesses. This has implications for nearly all decision-making in the institution. Another question is whether artists should strive to make art that resists being commercial. In these regards, it seems that there is nothing inherently wrong with being commercial, or using a commercial aesthetic. Artists that specifically attempt to cultivate commercial values, however, are witnessed as suspect compared to artists that more naturally and authentically produce their art. The notion that art can be produced naturally, or rather can be produced ‘natural’ and ‘authentically,’ however, is not entirely understood as even being

Electrostatic Ion Thrusters

Electrostatic Ion Thrusters Abstract The ion thrusters belong to the electric propulsion category and are used by modern spacecraft either to maintain their position relative to the Earth or to complete deep space missions. Their main characteristic is the high specific impulse which involves an efficient use of the propellant, a mandatory requirement for space activities where weight is the main restriction. The thrust is generated by the acceleration of ionised gas at very high velocities. The mechanism used to achieve the acceleration distinguishes these propulsive devices in two main categories: electrostatic and electromagnetic. In the first type, a potential difference accelerates the ions through the Coulombs force. In the second type the interaction of the ionised gas with a magnetic field generates the thrust through the Lorentzs force. This paper focuses on the analysis of the main features and architectures of the electrostatic ion thrusters. In the first part, the reasons why they are used for space applicat ions are explained. Afterwards, the propulsors physic and the working principles are illustrated with considerations on their advantages and limitations. Eventually, an overview of the field of applications and future design innovations is presented. Keywords: Ion thrusters, Hall thrusters, Feep Nomenclature EPElectric Propulsion ESAEuropean Space AgencyNASANational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationJAXAJapan Aerospace Exploration AgencyGEOGeostationary Orbit LEOlow Earth Orbit STPStationary Plasma Thruster Electrostatic ion thrusters are a major area of interest within the field of space applications. Thanks to the constant heightened of electrical power available in modern spacecraft the last two decades have seen a growing proliferation of this technology. The concept of electric propulsion has been theorized for the first time by Robert H. Goddard in 1906[1] and Herman Oberth in 1929[2] but it was not until 1948 that the research efforts on ion thrusters implementation on a spacecraft began. A considerable contribution was given by the work of Ernst Stuhlinger[1]. Early experimental tests started during the 50s and leaded to the first successful space test in 1964 with the SERT-1[3]. With the end of the Cold War and the Space Race the interest in these devices diminished but just for a short period. Today in fact ion thrusters are essential for a wide range of space missions. In this paper, after a brief explanation of the importance of high impulse thrusters for space applications, the three main architectures of electrostatic ion thrusters are presented. For each category the paper will look into the working principles, evolution over the years, applications in space mission and future development of the technology. The essential reason of the development of the ion thruster for space applications is the extremely high efficiency in the utilisation of propellant mass and the corresponding reduction of the launch costs, a critical parameter for the mission feasibility. Moreover this technology permits to performs deep-space missions otherwise inaccessible to conventional chemical rockets[4]. The reason lies in the Tsiolkovskys equation which can be derived from the Newtons law of momentum conservation: Where and are the final and the initial spacecraft mass respectively, is the velocity change and is the exhaust velocity. The equations shows that must be comparable to to have a significant fraction of final mass. Thrusters that provide a large propellant exhaust velocity compared to the mission will have a propellant mass that is only a small fraction of the initial spacecraft wet mass. Space mission are classified by the amount of velocity change needed for the orbital maneuvers, planetary mission for example requires velocity above 10 km/s[4]. Table 1:Characteristic velocity increments Mission [km/s] 1 year station keeping 10 LEO GEO 3.5 Earth Mars (return) 14 Earth Venus (return) 16 Earth Jupiter (return) 64 Earth Alpha Centaury (return) 30000 The exhaust velocity is directly proportional to the specific impulse, which can be seen as a measure of the propellant acceleration efficiency. The formulation is: where in the mass flow and the sea-level gravitational acceleration. Typical values of different propulsive systems are listed in table 2. It can be seen that the necessary velocity augmentation is much larger than the typical chemical rocket exhaust velocity, for this reason they are not suitable for this kind of missions. The latter is restricted by the intrinsic energy of the propellant, thermal limitations of the materials and frozen flow losses[4]. For electric thrusters the propellant and the energy source are independent and the specific impulse depends only on the energy deposed into the plasma[5]. Another key strength of ion thrusters is the high thrust efficiency: where is the available electric power and is the thrust. The equation shows that defined a large specific impulse leads to a very low thrust level which is a typical characteristic of ion engines. As a consequence this kind of thrusters requires a large amount of propulsion time, actually the opposite of what happens with chemical propulsion, characterised by high thrust levels over a short time. Table 2: Representative specific impulse and thrust levels of different propulsive systems [2] Propulsive system [s] Thrust [N] Liquid monopropellant 200 250 0.01 100 Liquid bipropellant 300 450 0.01 10^7 Solid propellant 200 300 1 10^6 Hybrid propellant 250 350 1 10^6 Ion Thrusters 2000 5000 Hall Thrusters 1500 2500 Feep Thrusters 5000 0.001 Electrostatic ion engines overcomes the limitations on the attainable exhaust speeds of conventional chemical rockets by the acceleration of the propellant through an electrostatic field. They can be divided into three main categories: Gridded Ion Thrusters, Hall Effect Thrusters and Field-Emission Electric Propulsion. In each of those the same main functions are performed: generation of the plasma, ions acceleration and ions neutralization. This configuration is the most fully developed and studied concept of electric propulsion [4]. The standard design comprises a metal ionisation chamber surrounded by magnets and three grids at the exit position. Acc elettroni 4.1 Ionisation and extraction Plasma is a ionised gas where approximately an equal number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons coexists[6]. The generation of positive particles requires an energy equivalent to the first ionization energy of the propellant. This amount of energy has an impact on the maximum attainable efficiency of the thruster that according to[5] can be written as: where is the ionisation energy and is the ion mass. The equation displays that the higher the ion mass and exit velocity (hence specific impulse) the higher the efficiency while decreases it. For this reason propellants with a low specific ionisation energy (alkali metals and noble gases) are preferred. The lower limit for the utilisation on these type of thrusters is 2000 s. Modern ion thrusters uses Xenon as a propellant since it has a large atomic weight and it easy to store because it is an inert gas, although Mercury and Caesium would be more performant propellants since their mass is much larger and the ionisation energy slightly greater, the higher toxicity prevents their use in experimental tests. Propellant Ionisation potential [eV] Atomic mass [AMU] Caesium 3.9 132.9 Mercury 10.4 200.6 Xenon 12.8 131.3 Krypton 14.0 83.8 Hydrogen 15.4 2.0 There are two mechanisms to create the plasma: the electron-bombardment and the relatively recent frequency excitation. In the first type electrons emitted from a thermionic or a hollow cathode collide with the propellant gas and generates positive ions. The electrons tend to reach the anode but the presence of an axial magnetic field generated by the magnets outside of the chamber causes a spiral path that improves their confinement and the ionisation efficiency. When an electron ionises an atom its energy decreases and when it drop below a certain level the magnetic field is not able to confine it anymore and it is extracted by the anode. In the second type the ionisation chamber is surrounded by a coil that induces an axial electro-magnetic field that ionises the gas. This method has some advantages such as the elimination of the cathode which improve the thruster life and a larger range of mass flow variation [7]. The number of ions created is equal to the number of electrons captured by the anode and an equilibrium condition is established. The plasma potential is slightly higher than the one of first grid, as a consequence the generated ions are attracted towards the exit of the chamber. In this region a sheet of the debaey length causes a natural curvature of the electric field and permits the extraction of the ions. Sheets debay 4.2 Acceleration The extraction of the ions from the ionisation chamber and the acceleration are performed by an electric field applied by three perforated grids. The first one acts as a screen while the second and the third accelerate and decelerate the gas respectively. The design of the grids is crucial and is based on a trade-off among performance, life and size. The grid holes diameter is defined by conflicting targets, it must be enough small to retain the unionised gas but maximised to provide an high grid transparency to extract the maximum possible number of positive ions[5]. An high potential difference is applied between the first and the second grid which accelerates the ions: where and are the ion charge and mass respectively and is the potential difference. The potential of the intermediate grid is negative in order to avoid the back-streaming of the electrons from the neutralizer cathode. The presence of positive particles only, during the acceleration, leads to an essential upper limit in the ion current density that can by provided and hence to the thrust density (N/m^2) of this devices with adverse consequences on their size[7]. The limit is dictate by the Child-Langmuir law[8]: that involves a thrust per unit of area of: where A is the cross area of the jet, d is the distance between the grids and is the electric constant. The formula demonstrates that to have compact device heavy ions and an high voltage are needed while the gap between the grids must be very small and this constitutes a thermal, electrical and structural challenge. Adopting Xenon and the maximum electric potential difference with nowadays technology level (typical value is 1000 Volt) the value which is very low. The exhaust speed achieved in this case, and hence the specific impulse, is excessively high considering the actual space mission requirements. Since just lowering the potential difference would reduce the already small value of thrust density a third deceleration grid is added[1]. Placing the acceleration grid at a negative potential the problem of the excessive velocity is solved without compromising the thrust density. The value of the required specific impulse determines the value of the third grid potential[5]. The single charge nature of the beam causes the repulsion between the accelerated ions which tend to diverge from the axial direction. Since the repulsion force is proportional to the beam diameter the latter is subdivided into small portions with order of magnitude equals to the grids distance. Since the electric field generated by the first grid is convergent the grid can be designed in such a way that particles trajectory became axial due to the repulsive force inside the beam. The grid geometry and the ions trajectory have a crucial roles in determining the thruster life, for this reason they are made of heavy metals such as Molybdenum, Graphite composites have been recently introduced[7]. Even though the grid are accurately designed, a secondary current of low energy ions hits the accelerator grid causing erosion. This current is caused by the Charge-Exchange Ionisation: some neutral atoms of propellant escaping from the ionisation chamber are struck by beam ions and a charge exchange happens[5]. The resultant low energy ions are accelerated towards the intermediate grid with enough energy to consume it over a long period. This process leads to a distortion of the grid holes that increases the damage until a structural failure of the grid occurs or the back streaming of electrons is not prevented anymore. 4.3 Neutralisation If the positive charged ions beam exiting from the thruster is not neutralised the thruster acquires a negative potential and causes the ions back-streaming. The neutralisation is achieved by the emission of a negative current by an hollow cathode positioned outside of the ions streams. Since the potential difference in this case is very low (electrons dont need to be accelerated) and the distance is an order of magnitude larger than the grid gap, the Childs law prevents the emission of a pure electrons current. The solution is the utilisation of a plasma bridge, a global neutral plasma with an electrons current inside. The hollow cathode is constituted by a tube of refractory materials and an orifice plate at the downstream end[9]. Inside the tube an insert made of tungsten is impregnated with a low work-function metal. The cathode is wrapped by an heater that allows electrons emission through thermionic effect when temperature reaches 1000ÂÂ °C[9]. Xenon is fed into the tube and electrons emitted from the insert are extracted by a keeper electrode downstream of the orifice. 4.4 Evolution of the technology and future development The first ion engine flight was the demonstrative mission Space Electric Rocket Test (SERT 1) in 1964[3], followed in 1970 by the SERT 2 whose two mercury thrusters achieved 2000 and 3700 hours of operations respectively providing 300 restarts[10]. The first use of gridded ion thrusters adopted for station keeping for commercial applications has been the XIPS-13 in 1997 for the PAS-5 (PanAmSat-5) communications satellite[5]. The subsequent generation of gridded ion engine, NSTAR, was developed by NASA JPL and Boeing. This thruster equipped the Deep Space 1 in 1998[11], a demonstration spacecraft that reached an asteroid and a comet. It provided 16000 hours of operation during the mission and over 40,000 hours of life testing[5]. Hundreds of papers have been published on its design and performance. In 1999 an evolution of the XIPS-13, the XIPS-25, was first lunched on a Boeing 702 Satellite[12]. This second generation is capable of providing orbit raising other than station keeping and momentum control. To date these thruster have been used for station keeping on Boeing 702 class satellites for more than 10 years, and 68 are currently operating in orbit on 17 spacecraft[5]. The next model used for station keeping was lunched on the telecom satellite Artemis in 2001 by the ESA. It used two T5 and two RIT thruster developed by Astrium[13]. The satellite reached a GEO orbit thanks to the ion thrusters used as a primary propulsion for recovery the chemical stage failure. In 2003 JAXA lunched the Hayabusa mission which equipped with four ion thrusters collected samples from an asteroid and returned to Earth in 2010[14]. Later in 2007 the Dawn[ mission of NASA was lunched to study two protoplanets in the asteroids belts, Vesta and Ceres, it has been the first time that a spacecraft orbited around two different solar system bodies, it would have been impossible without ion engines[15]. In 2009 the Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) mission was lunched to study the variations of Earth gravitational field[16]. The key component of the mission were two ion thrusters for drag compensation. A new challenging mission named Bepi-Colombo is planned for October 2018 by a collaboration between ESA And JAXA[17]. The aim is the exploration of Mercury and will use four QinetiQ T6 ion thrusters. Another gridded ion thruster available in near future will be the NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT)[17], Glenn Research Center manufacture d the test engines core ionization chamber, and Aerojet Rocketdyne designed and built the ion acceleration assembly[18]. A long duration test(LDT) was initiated in 2005 and was voluntarily terminated in 2014 after more than 50000 hours of operation and almost 1 ton of Xenon consumed. Post-test inspection highlighted the readiness of the thruster for space use[19][20]. It has been proposed for several future missions[21]. The first two flight units will be available in early 2019. Name Power [Kw] [s] T [mN] SERT 1 1.4 4900 28 XIPS 13 0.33 2570 18 NSTAR 0.5-2.3 3100 20-95 XIPS 25 4.5 3800 165 RIT 4.3 3-5000 150 T5 0.27-0.65 3-3500 10-25 T6 5.2 3500 40-200 NEXT 0.5-7 4200 237 The Hall thrusters are direct competitors of the gridded ion thrusters, even if they have a lower efficiency and specific impulse the thrust density is many times greater since both ions end electrons are accelerated and the Childs law is not a limit. The system is based on a fundamental effect discovered in 1879 by Edwin H. Hall[22], he showed that in presence of a perpendicular electric and magnetic field an electric current flows perpendicular to both. This phenomenon is exploited for the ionisation and the acceleration of the propellant. 5.1 Working Principles The ionisation chamber is axisymmetric, enclosed in two concentric cylinders. A radial magnetic field is applied through permanent magnets or solenoids, at the entrance of the chamber is situated a metallic anode from which the propellant is injected. At the cylinder end an hollow cathode emits an electrons beam that is divided into two parts. About 60-80% of the electrons are used to neutralise the positive ions ejected from the chamber, the remaining are trapped by the magnetic and the electric fields at the chamber exit and constitute a virtual plasma cathode[7]. The direct flows of the electrons towards the anode is prevented by the Hall effect which causes a spiral trajectory of the electrons. The propellant unleashed at the chamber entrance moves towards the electrons region and is ionised. Then the resultant electric field accelerates the ions. The long residence time of the electrons in the annular chamber, due to the magnetic confinement, makes the ionisation very efficient. Even if the magnetic field is determinant for the thruster operation the acceleration is achieved by a stationary electric force. The magnetic field that confines the electrons, which peaks at the exit, affects the ions trajectory causing a disturbance tangential torque that must be compensated and an high beam divergence angle of about 40ÂÂ ° that reduces the thrust efficiency and may cause electrostatic charging and interference to the satellite communications. The ionisation is much more efficient than in the gridded ion thrusters thanks to the lower ionisation energy requested and permits to achieve satisfactory efficiency 50-60% even with a relative low specific impulse. The considerable complexity of the plasma dynamic due to the presence if the magnetic and the electric field within the thruster causes fluctuations in the electron density that could cause severe damages, for this reason the electric potential is limited to 350 Volts. 5.2 SPT and TAL variants On the basis of the different materials that constitutes the cylinder wall in contact with the plasma Hall thrusters are divided into Stationary Plasma Thrusters (SPT), that are characterised by insulating walls made of boron nitride and silica compound (BN-SiO2), and Thruster Anode Layer (TAL) which have a conductive one[23]. Since the walls are continuously hit by some electrons and consecutively emits other electrons because of the secondary electron emission (SEE) effect, if the wall are metallic the resultant quantity of electrons is larger, the electric field is more intense and the potential drop occurs in a shorter distance. The result is more compact architecture with higher thrust density. The power loss are also related to life are strongly influenced by wall interactions. For SPT thrusters a significant amount of their power is lost on the dielectric channel walls due to electron bombardment. The metallic walls in TAL thrusters gather a smaller electron current since they have the same potential of the cathode which rejects the electrons and they have a small exposed area to the plasma, which limits the amount of ion and power lost to these surfaces. On the other hand the shorter chamber raises the intensity of the discharge current on the anode because the magnetic confinement is less effective [7]. 5.3 Evolution of the technology and future development The first Hall-Effect thruster to operate in space was the SPT-50 aboard the Soviet Meteor spacecraft in 1971 and was mainly used for satellite stabilization. Starting from that year more then 140 Hall thruster have been used in space[24]. Subsequently Hall engine of different power and size were developed with the introduction of the SPT-70 and SPT-100 in 1982. With their introduction in the west after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 lot of research have been carried out by United States, France, Italy and Japan. The first US mission that adopted this technology was the demonstrator STEX spacecraft using D-55 TAL Hall Thrusters manufactured in Russia[25]. In 2004 the ESAs satellite SMART-1 adopted the Snecma PPS-1350-G, with a design similar to the SPT-100, to reach the lunar orbit from GTO[26]. The mission finished in 2006 with a controlled collision on the Moons surface. The probe covered more than 100 million kilometres, consuming just 82 kg of propellant. The joint venture between the Busek Company and Aerojet Rocketdyne leads to the development of the BTP-4000 designed for US military spacecraft as well as commercial satellites. In 2000 an agreement between Aerojet and Lockheed Martin Space System Company (LMSSC) developed the Hall Thruster Propulsion System (HTPS) for the next generation LMSSC geosynchronous spacecraft, this program adopted the BPT-4000 because of the ability to operate in a large range of powers and thrust modes allowing both station keeping and orbit raise[18]. Flight test qualifications and improvements lead to the discovery of the magnetic shielding phenomenon[27]. The achievement of a particular magnetic topology that essentially blocked the chamber wall erosion after 6000 hours, the developed erosion model enabled the possibility to predict andextent the engine lifetime. This thruster, used on the Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) communications satellites constitutes the currently most powerful Hall en gine in operation. In 2009 AR and Lockheed Martin developed the XR-12, the first Hall thruster in the 10kW class, it was intended for the US Air Forces TSAT constellation but after the cancellation of the program its use for future missions have been studied by NASA. In the recent years high power and thrust Hall engine have been investigated thanks to the increasing of the available spacecraft power. The consequent increase of thrust reduces the amount of time for the mission and permits a larger payload. In Europe Snecma developed the PPS-20k for the HiPER Project, an European project to study innovative electric propulsion technologies for future space transportation and exploration. In 2010 NASA promoted the Human Exploration Framework Team (HEFT) to investigate new technologies for a future human space exploration and high power Hall thrusters, thanks to the high power processing capabilities and extensive range of thrust levels, were chosen as a possible technology. The NASA-457Mv2 50-kW class, whose development started in 2004, has been tested during 2011 with satisfactory results. This model can be a potential point of start for future NASA exploration missions. Another step forward has been made with the development of the X3, a 100-kW class three-channel nested Hall thruster, designed by the Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory (PEPL) at the University of Michigan, in collaboration with NASA and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Its performances up to 30 kW have been recently successfully tested and further measurements in order to analyse the complete operating envelopment up to 200 kW will be effectuated in the near future. Name Power [Kw]

The Negative Effects of Cyberbullying Essay -- Internet, cyber bullyin

We use technology in almost every aspect of our daily lives; it is how we stay connected in this fast-paced world. Technology provides many benefits, but it has the potential to destroy many people. With technology use on the rise, bullying has taken a new, more destructive form. Cyberbullying, as defined by the Cyberbullying Research Center, is the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text (qtd. in Chait). Cyberbullying is a serious problem and has serious consequences. There are many contributing factors to cyberbullying. Children and young adults have almost infinite access to social networking sites, chat forums, and cell phones. It is hard to find a middle school age child without access to the internet in some way. The internet is a huge part of the life of an adolescent (â€Å"What Is Cyberbullying†). Schools typically assign work that requires the use of the internet. It is how we research for projects, papers, and now we can access most of our textbooks online as well. With access to a portal of information about people, websites that allow people to publish their own thoughts, and a fine line of censorship and monitoring, it is as if America is laying the foundation for this to occur. The tools for this crime are lying around and are being abused by people. This leads to many victims having to undergo the harsh effects of cyberbullying. Bullying has always been a problem in its nature but bullying in cyberspace is a whole different story. Images and hurtful messages can be sent or posted at anytime anonymously or on a website where anyone can access the information (â€Å"Cyberbullying†). This increases the chance that the information will be seen by multiple individuals thus embarrassin... ... boys vs. girls." Weekly Reader News Edition 4-6 [a Weekly Reader publication] 2 Sept. 2013: 8. Student Edition. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. Cyberbullying Research Center. Cyberbullying and Suicide. Cyberbullying Research Center, 2013. Cyberbullying Research Center. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. Drummond, Katie. "Cyberbullying Linked to Teen Health Problems." AOL News. AOL, 05 July 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. Parker-Pope, Tara. "Web of Popularity, Achieved by Bullying" NYTimes.com. The New York Times Company, 14 Feb. 2014. Web. 11 Feb. 2015. Patchin, Justin W., and Sameer Hinduja. "Research." Cyberbullying Research Center - Cyber Bullying Examples, Cases, Laws, Articles, Stories, Presentations, Videos, Facts, Statistics. Cyberbullying Research Center. Web. 14 Feb. 2015. "What Is Cyberbullying?" National Crime Prevention Council. US Department of Justice. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.

Examining Exclusivity in Mass Marketing

Explain why Sears or Wal-Mart cannot effectively create a trendy counterculture image. High volume and mass appeal are at the core of one-stop-shop retailers like Sears and Wal-Mart. These stores are the culture others are trying to counter. Wal-Mart relies on mass production of the products they sell to keep manufacturing and shipping costs down. This allows them to maximize profitability. Profitability is not at the core of counterculture; unique style and individualism are. Counterculture is the alternate of culture, even a subculture. For an active member of the counterculture to shop at a store that sells toilet paper a few isles down from their jeans defies the very image they are set to create or maintain. This is the same reason Urban Outfitters cannot sell Craftsman power tools. This would counter the counterculture image Urban Outfitters is built upon. Could the big box stores sell merchandise identical to Urban Outfitters? Explain your answer. Big box stores can sell merchandise identical to niche stores like Urban Outfitters to keep up with trends. Stores like Costco can produce, ship and stock merchandise on a large scale in hopes of increasing profitability. Seemingly exclusive products appeal to the masses that do not normally shop at, or cannot afford to shop at more exclusive retailers like Urban Outfitters. This in itself is a trend because once the product is no longer exclusive, it will eventually no longer sell as it did previously. Also if the once exclusive product sells at all is a gamble in marketing and sales. Matching the appeal of the original product, timing of launch so as to miss out on the value while it exists and availability to the masses can impact how well a trendy product will sell at a big box store. If it does, what is the effect on the exclusivity once offered by Urban Outfitters? Identify at least three reasons why exclusivity is valuable.

Comparing ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ with ‘Hop Frog’ Essay

‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ and ‘Hop Frog’ were both written at a time of social turbulence and revolution. Poe wrote Hop Frog twelve years prior to the American civil war, so it is fitting that many of the ideas in the story carry a strong anti-slavery message. Similarly, ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ was written in 1892 just before the climax of equal-rights for women. Gillman’s ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ is one of the early feminist texts in which her writing criticises the position that women were oppressed into and the ignorance of society as a whole. Both Gillman and Poe attack fiercely these ideas that were both upheld and willingly accepted by the majority of society. These two settings immediately portray the two central characters, a woman and a slave, as two of an unheard minority, who were subjected to an unjust, patriarchal world. One of the main similarities between ‘Hop Frog’ and ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ is the atmosphere of each of the stories. Both are horror stories are very dark, and have a horror genre, however ‘Hop Frog’ is also similar to a fairy tale in that it is quite unbelievable, and where Hop Frog’s surroundings are fantasy, the narrator’s surroundings are quite real. Despite their differences, both of the story’s surroundings and atmosphere are symbolic of the way the central character is feeling or being treated. For example, gluttony and corruption of the king and his ministers surround Hop Frog and Poe’s darkly vivid descriptions of these reflect the mood of Hop-Frog. The ‘oily’ ministers and a ‘corpulent’ king sound simply grotesque and fill the reader with a sort of stomach churning unease and tension at the treatment of Hop Frog. The corruptness and gluttony is hugely significant as it shows us the danger and easiness of becoming influenced and eventually corrupted by greed and alcohol. The narrator of ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ has instead a room. It is describes as having ‘barred’ widows and a ‘nailed down’ bed, which give the impression of a prison rather than a place to become well again in. In fact the room actually does become a prison for the narrator, becoming more and more horrible as the story progresses. By the repetitive use of the word, ‘joke’ in the first paragraph Poe emphasises the discomfort of Hop Frog as well as achieving a hugely tense atmosphere. This makes the reader, who realises that this seemingly jovial and harmless behaviour of the king and his courtiers is in fact, a lot more damaging and sinister, feel the tension and discomfort that Hop Frog endures. Like Hop Frog, ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ also has a tense atmosphere achieved by the speeded up pace of the story and the very short sentences, which flit from one idea to another. These short sentences show the alertness of the narrator’s mind as well as her increasing madness as she is left with no stimulation other than her own thoughts. As the story progresses the narrator’s madness grows and consequently her surroundings become more and more an extension of her own nightmarish imagination, eventually becoming as fantastical as Hop Frog’s. Throughout the story, the wallpaper in the room is a metaphor for the narrator’s illness and as her insanity grows, the wallpaper becomes more and more hideous. At the beginning of the story, it is described as ‘horrible wallpaper’. Her initial rejection of the wallpaper, shown when the narrator says; ‘I don’t like our room’ and asks John ‘Let us go downstairs’, is indicative of her want to get better and her rejection of insanity. The wallpaper is described as having a ‘sickly sulphur tint’, representing her illness, and appears to grow, ‘fungus’ and ‘toadstools’ suggests that her illness is growing, whilst ‘Budding’ and ‘sprouting’ suggest the continuity of this growth. Despite the fact that the images of the wallpaper worsen as time goes on, the narrator quickly becomes obsessed by it, spending hours studying it. The narrator describes how ‘It dwells on my mind so’. Eventually, the narrator becomes so mad, that it is as if she is schizophrenic. She begins to see herself in the wallpaper as a ‘woman’, ‘stooping down’ and ‘creeping behind the pattern’. As time progresses, the ‘ faint woman’ becomes clearer and stronger as the narrator becomes weaker. This shows her sane self, losing the battle to her insane self. Despite the awful surroundings, outside of her ‘barred’ windows lies the garden. In contrast to the wallpaper, the garden represents the narrator’s hope of freedom. The garden is described as ‘delicious’ and where everything in the wallpaper is bad and infectious, everything in the garden is good and healing. However the narrator is locked away with her illness and is unable to reach the garden, which holds the key to her freedom, ‘How I wish he [John] would let me go’ she tel ls us. This creates dramatic irony, as everyone knows what the narrator needs, including the narrator herself, except the narrator’s own husband John. Just as the wallpaper and the narrator’s madness increase as the story progresses, the behavior of the king towards Hop Frog worsens. This is shown by Poe’s descriptions of the king, starting as ‘our king’, turning into a ‘tyrant’ and becoming finally a ‘monster’. By describing the king in this way, the reader is not only made to feel sympathy for Hop Frog by portraying him as a powerless victim of this cruel abuse, but also make us forgive his final act of revenge, which is in fact utterly terrible. The King and his ministers are abusive and exploitative towards Hop Frog and Trippetta. Poe illustrates this particularly by the reference to alcohol, The king takes advantage of Hop Frog’s intolerance to wine ‘it excited the poor cripple almost to madness’ and sadistically ‘ he took pleasure in forcing the cripple to drink’. Poe describes how Hop Frog was forced ‘to be merry’ as it was the ‘poor dwarfs birthday’ and he is made to obey the ‘command to drink to absent friends’, which ‘forced tears to his eyes’. This is incredibly ironic, as Hop Frog is not with his friend because he is a slave in the court of the king. In ‘the yellow wallpaper’, the narrator’s ‘monster’ is her own husband, John, ‘a physician’. He ignorantly suffocates his wife, leaving her with no option but to escape into her own madness. He threatens her with ‘Weir Mitchell’ who was renowned for treating women with this ‘temporary nervousness’. The narrator describes how he is ‘like john and my brother, only more so’, showing her wish not to be sent to him. John also keeps the narrator away from human contact, starving her of any stimulation or interaction. Despite his obvious love for her he treats her like a possession, this is shown when he fails to regard her as a human being by addressing her as ‘she’ as if she isn’t even there. This also symbolises the fact that he has slowly removed her identity. John regards his wife with little more intelligence than a child, shown by his constantly patronising tone. He calls her ‘little goose’ and ‘little girl’ as well as remarking ‘bless her’ as if she is little older than five. John also shows himself to be really rather selfish when he implores her ‘get well for me’. Despite everything, we have to believe that John really does love his wife and wants to help her. But it is through John that Gillman makes a very poignant observation of the way in which society treats women, pointing out the real danger of ignorance. The Narrator in ‘The Yellow wallpaper’ is portrayed as an extremely bright creative woman, despite the way John regards her. She expresses her thoughts and releases some of the energy that she is so full of through writing. However John forbids that she should write, the narrator tells us ‘I am absolutely forbidden to ‘work†. The narrator herself tells us herself that ‘excitement and change would do me good’. Instead of excitement and change the narrator is confined to her bed and made to sleep most of the day ‘I lie down ever so much now’, ‘John thinks it’s good for me’. However, it is not good for her and the narrator describes how ‘I don’t sleep much at night’, showing the disturbance of her mind. This results in the narrator having an enormous amount of pent up energy which, when combined with her inability to express herself creates enormous tension in the story. As the narrator searches frantically for an outlet for her imagination she inevitably becomes mad seeking the much-needed stimulation within the wallpaper. The narrator’s inability to express herself can be compared with Hop Frog’s loss of control to the king when he is ‘forced’ to drink. Hop Frog is described as being driven to ‘madness’ by the wine, and ‘madness’ Poe reminds us ‘is no comfortable feeling’. In both stories the position of women is severely criticized. In ‘Hop Frog’, Trippetta’s position as both a slave and a woman is exploited. Her ‘grace’ and ‘exquisite beauty’ is described as being ‘universally admired’. Poe describes how she was ‘admired’ and ‘petted’ suggesting the shocking abuse she is subject to. Poe describes how the king ‘threw the entire contents of the goblet in her face’, suggesting the complete humiliation that she suffered. In ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’, we are introduced to Jennie who is the sister of John. She is described as a ‘perfect’ and ‘enthusiastic housekeeper’. Typically of a nineteenth century Lady, Jennie is subservient accepting her position willingly and gratefully. Gillman describes how she ‘hopes for no better profession’. Jennie represents the women of society who have grown to accept and are either to weak or to scared to rebel against a life that is no better than that of a slave’s. The narrator’s position as a woman is very similar to Hop Frogs. She is treated as a possession by her husband John and is seen to have no real opinions or views. She describes how the ‘heads’ that she sees are ‘strangle[d]’ by the wallpaper, ‘turns them up side down’ and ‘turns their eyes white’. This is very much inactive of the way both she and the other women of society feel suffocated and oppressed by their position. Both stories are written in first person narrative, which makes them a lot more personal. ‘Hop Frog’ is told by an anonymous Narrator, an onlooker, whilst ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ is written like a diary with the narrator, a woman suffering from post-natal depression being the central character. Semi-Autobiographical, the story is loosely based on Perkins own experiences. The narrator in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ remains nameless meaning that the narrator could be any woman in society. It is also a metaphor for the identity that has been lost through her illness and the ignorance of her husband, John. Both the characters are the victims of ignorance. ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ shows the ignorance of society about post-natal depression and the fact that no one is prepared to accept what the narrator is suffering from. Her ‘case is not serious’ we are told. The result of this ignorance is that the narrator’s condition is not cured but instead made worse. She is taken for a rest cure and deprived of interaction with people and stimulation. Her creativity is crushed when she is forbidden to write. This inability to express herself, had dire consequences; instead of recovering she instead she begins to descend further and further into her own madness. The wallpaper in her room, which gradually becomes more and more disturbing as her madness increases, shows this. This can be compared to Hop Frog who because of his difference in appearance is treated appallingly. The central characters of each story are portrayed as prisoners the narrator in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ is portrayed as a prisoner, trapped by her social position; as a woman, by her mental illness and by her own husband. Through her story, Gillman attacks an extremely patriarchal society. She criticises the lack of respect for women and shows her anger towards the inability of women to escape from the position they are oppressed to. The room in which the narrator is put in, in order to rest and recover from her illness is very much symbolic of her imprisonment. It is described as having ‘barred’ windows and the bedstead as ‘iron’, ‘heavy’ and ‘nailed to the ground’ representing her being tied down. The fact that the room was ‘a nursery first’, is very ironic; Firstly because she has no contact with her own baby and secondly because she has literally been reduced to the position of a child. Similarly, Hop Frog and his fiend Trippetta are salves, whom Poe tells us, were ‘forcibly carried off’ from their ‘barbarous region’ and ‘sent’, ‘as presents to the king’. This is reminiscent of the situation of many black slaves who were taken from Africa to the west at this time, in order to further the endeavours of rich, greedy men at as low a cost a possible. The reality of what faced them ahead was a harsh, cruel life of constant work with no freedom or rights as a human being. However, it is surely wrong that one person should have freedom whilst another is an enslaved possession because they are different. This injustice is shown in the story by the King’s inability to accept Hop Frog as a person, in appearance he is different and so is treated as an object, a possession. Poe describes him as a ‘monkey’ and a ‘squirrel’ and suggest that Hop Frog is begging for food ‘crumbs from the roya l table’. The result this is that Hop Frog is shown to be like a begging animal which serves to ease the King’s conscience at mocking Hop Frog, if he is not a person then he does not have feelings. Both Hop Frog and Trippetta are dwarfed and Hop Frog is a ‘cripple’ and Walks with an ‘ interjectional gait’, which comes across as quite funny when it is further described as ‘somewhere between a leap and a wriggle’. Despite this Hop Frog’s ‘value was trebled in the eyes of the king’ and the king, ‘who live only for joking’ exploits Hop Frog’s physical disabilities. It is therefor ironic that Hop Frog becomes the court ‘fool’ which is a metaphor for the fact that he is laughed at by the King. The idea of Hop Frog being mocked for the way he walks is shocking and through this Poe shows the unease of society at the treatment of the slaves. The King’s immoral behaviour mirrors that of the slave traders in America and Europe. Hop Frog’s physical disability can be compared to the narrator’s madness. The endings of each story are hugely significant and it is perhaps through the ending that we see the characters in their true light. Throughout ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ the narrator has drifted in and out of her sane mind, she tells us once ‘I always lock the door before I creep’. Up until this point the narrator has not accepted that it is herself who is creeping, instead putting it down to the ‘woman’. But by the end, she is telling us how she is creeping round and round and round the room. Both a ‘rope’ and an ‘axe’ are mentioned, and John ‘faints’ when he sees the destruction of the room and of his wife. It is quite possible that either of them are dead, however Gillman leaves the ending ambiguous. As well as amplifying the uncertainty of the woman, this could also be down to the fact that Gillman, despite her feminist views, was still a woman in the nineteenth century. She did she want to demonize her character by making her murder her husband no could she afford to openly state that the husband was literally overpowered by his wife. Gillman would not want to upset her feminist audience either, who would be outraged if the narrator killed herself due to the fact that she is such a powerful symbol of a woman wanting to rebel against her oppression. For her to commit suicide would dishearten a lot of these women as it would look as if suicide was the only way out. It seems as if this ending was right for the character who despite becoming insane, is finally happy and tells us with utter satisfaction ‘I got out’. Whatever the reason for this ending, there is no doubt that despite the fact that this ending is truly horrific it also comes with a degree of relief. For with the narrator’s madness comes freedom, and more importantly, the woman finds her identity. Ironically this is not her former self, who is finally named as Jane, but another person; her insanity. Whilst ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ remains ambiguous, the ending of ‘Hop frog’ is completely literal. Because eof the fact that Poe is a man, he can afford to take more liberties that perhaps Gillman was unable to take. He can openly humiliate and torture the king and the court, who represent the corrupt monarchy; an important part of society, and appear to get away with this. Hop Frog is portrayed as demonic and evil. He achieves his freedom by brutally killing the King and his ministers. Under the guise of the stupid ‘fool’ he tricks the king and his ministers into thinking that they are dressing up and covers them in tar and flax. The fact that Poe uses tar and Flax is of great significance as it is symbolic of humiliation and punishment throughout history. Hop Frog then chained them together to become the ‘eight chained orangutans’. Hop frog shows himself to be very intelligent when, ‘at the dwarfs suggestion, the keys had been deposited with him’, in contrast with the stupidity of the King. Poe describes how the they are humiliated when the chains cause them to ‘fall’ and ‘stumble’, The King and his Ministers have gone form mocking Hop Frog to being mocked themselves Hop Frog then suspends them from the ceiling at the ball and burns them alive. The fact that throughout the story Hop Frog never had the presence that the evil King had means that we would not immediately suspect Hop frog. When the ‘grating’ noise was first introduced, the reader did not think that it could be Hop Frog. However at the end when Hop Frog is perched on the rope with the burning king and ministers below him the ‘grating noise’ came form the ‘fang like teeth of the dwarf’, ‘who ground and gnashed them as he foamed at the mouth’. This is an insane a picture as that of the narrator. Hop frog rising up against the king is a complete reversal of roles, the oppressed has become the oppressor. However how is it possible that Poe can get away with this ending without his central character looking like the vengeful murder that he has become? It is perhaps because all-thorough the story, the treatment of Hop Frog as well as his situation has been described as Horrendous, horrific and brutal, evoking incredi ble sympathy in the reader. As if this isn’t reason enough, Poe threw in the added ploy of alcohol, which appears to demonize Hop Frog. Therefor when Hop Frog commits this terrible act, he is immediately forgiven whilst we all revel in the torture that the king and his ministers now incur. In the eyes of the reader justice has been done. Perhaps through his ending, Poe is forecasting what is to come, when the black slaves will rise up against their own white oppressors. It is therefor interesting that n order to truly punish and humiliate them, Hop Frog turns them first black. Like Gillman, Poe does not want to demonize the female character, leaving the question of Trippetta’s involvement up to the reader to answer.

Free Essays on Mouis Riel

One of the most controversial figures in Canada’s history was Louis Riel. He was known to almost all Canadians was a Mà ©tis, who helped his people fight against the government for their rights and freedom. But he was executed for being guilty of treason. To some he was thought of as a murderer, rebel and a traitor, others believed he was a saint and a martyr. Because there is so much contradicting facts to what he has done, no one is really sure of what he should be remembered as. A hero, or a traitor. In my opinion, he is a hero. Riel was a patriot, and he stood up for his people and his own believes when thoughts of prejudice were against him. He gave up his life of becoming a priest, lawyer, and a politician to help others. I believe that Louis Riel was a hero and a good leader his people. He stood up for religious and racial differences, lead rebellions against land transfers, headed provisional governments, negotiated the Manitoba Act, organized provisional governments for the Mà ©tis, helped Macdonald’s government realize the importance of the First Nations, provided protection for the French language rights, culture, and way of life. While what he did was seen as acts of sedition, he did it all in mind of his people. He worked to change the grievances of the Mà ©tis, to give them change and â€Å"his desire to act within constitutional bounds† helped him along the way. He also helped the Saskatchewan Mà ©tis to lead a rebellion against westward expansion. During this time he led t he famous Northwest Rebellion, this lead to his execution by the act of treason. This is another example of how Riel gave his life to improve the lives of others. I believe he has done enough and cared enough to be known as a hero. Some contradicting facts that leads people to think that Riel would be considered a traitor would be, taking over forts, putting together his own provisional governments, approving the execution of Thomas Scott, ... Free Essays on Mouis Riel Free Essays on Mouis Riel One of the most controversial figures in Canada’s history was Louis Riel. He was known to almost all Canadians was a Mà ©tis, who helped his people fight against the government for their rights and freedom. But he was executed for being guilty of treason. To some he was thought of as a murderer, rebel and a traitor, others believed he was a saint and a martyr. Because there is so much contradicting facts to what he has done, no one is really sure of what he should be remembered as. A hero, or a traitor. In my opinion, he is a hero. Riel was a patriot, and he stood up for his people and his own believes when thoughts of prejudice were against him. He gave up his life of becoming a priest, lawyer, and a politician to help others. I believe that Louis Riel was a hero and a good leader his people. He stood up for religious and racial differences, lead rebellions against land transfers, headed provisional governments, negotiated the Manitoba Act, organized provisional governments for the Mà ©tis, helped Macdonald’s government realize the importance of the First Nations, provided protection for the French language rights, culture, and way of life. While what he did was seen as acts of sedition, he did it all in mind of his people. He worked to change the grievances of the Mà ©tis, to give them change and â€Å"his desire to act within constitutional bounds† helped him along the way. He also helped the Saskatchewan Mà ©tis to lead a rebellion against westward expansion. During this time he led t he famous Northwest Rebellion, this lead to his execution by the act of treason. This is another example of how Riel gave his life to improve the lives of others. I believe he has done enough and cared enough to be known as a hero. Some contradicting facts that leads people to think that Riel would be considered a traitor would be, taking over forts, putting together his own provisional governments, approving the execution of Thomas Scott, ...

Amorite Empire essays

Amorite Empire essays The Amorite Empire was from 2000 1595 BC. The Amorites resided in the area of Sumeria. Babylon was still the capital of the Amorite Empire during there time of survival. The contributions that the Amorites gave to the path of history where very extensive. They contributed dearly to base educational aspects such as literature and mathematics. They first developed multiplication and exponents, these aided in mercantile and sales transactions. This was the first development of math skills where aided in the understanding of language and written language. This helped to create systems of understanding and recording aspects of trade and then helping to better advance civilization. With this understanding the Amorites also had created the Code of Hammurabi. There King who set these laws up did so in pursuit for justice. These early developed form of rules and laws set forth a standard in how justice would be laid out. These also showed many early forms of government rule and c ontrol of laws and political standing. The code of Hammurabi was one of the most important documents in Babylon history. It was adopted from many Sumerian customs that had been around for a while before the Babylonians. Though many of the Laws were adopted from Sumeria they were published by Hammurabi and thus known as the code of Hammurabi. This code had four main parts to it. They were: Civil Laws, Commercial Laws, Penal Laws, and the Law of procedures. The Civil Law was an important one to the people. It set up a social class system based on a hierarchy based on wealth. The Babylonians had three classes according to the code. They were the freeman or wealthy people, the semi- freeman who were able to become slaves at any time, and the slaves who were of course the lowest class. The next section in the code was the Commercial Law. This had to do with business transactions and most things relating to business. It set up 20% intere ...

Eight Best First Chainsaws For The Beginner

Eight Best First Chainsaws For The Beginner Ive just updated a very popular article on choosing a first chainsaw. This feature was developed for a new chain saw buyer/user who is just preparing to purchase his or her first saw. I provide you with links to saw sites Ive picked to make a great first purchase. I go on the premise that most folks dont want nor need a professional woodcutters saw which could provide too much power with backbreaking weight. You can always upgrade if your jobs and tree sizes increase. Learn how to cut on a smaller dependable saw. You will be very surprised how these smaller power tools can take on larger projects in a pinch. Buying a saw too big for your needs is simply an accident waiting to happen. Use this review and try to stick with a companys 14 to 16 guide bar and a saw with not much more than 50 cubic centimeters of displacement. Chainsaw companies have developed balanced, slim, small saws with power enough for commercial arborists. These saws are also perfect for someone who does light work in the yard and on the farm. Consider my eight reviewed chainsaws for your first purchase.

Operation management and corporate strategy Essay

Operation management and corporate strategy - Essay Example Marriott’s outputs of the key operational transformation processes The business name is Marriott which is carried by Marriott International Incorporated. This company is undeniably has undergone operations strategies over time to ensure that strategic decisions and actions will result to operation’s main role, objectives, and activities (Slack et al, 2007). Why there is a need to transform inputs it is because they cannot automatically be considered final goods or services. This is clear in the case of making a product and using technology for instance to transform raw materials into something useful by undergoing different processing stages (Thomson and Formby, 1993). The same process applies when it comes to coming up with service offering. The whole process requires transformation of available resources into something useful that can be served for the benefit of the target users, customers or markets (Johnston and Clark, 2008; Stevenson, 2008; Looy et al., 2003; Hill , 2005; Jick and Peiperl, 2002). This means that it is not only in manufacturing organisations there is a need to come up with transformation of the inputs which in this case it is common to hear about the raw materials. However, in organisations where the final product is a form of service, it is important to understand that there are also basic inputs that need to be transformed. Marriott Hotels basically need to come up with staffs as its most important resources. In order for the management to effectively promote its vision, these staffs must be fully equipped with the right information so as to elaborately create a business environment that could satisfy customers. According to Slack et al (2007), staffs and facilities belong to the input transforming resources because they have the ability to act upon the input transformed resources which are commonly in a form of materials, information and customers. Due to input processing of material, information and customer, Marriot Hotel s were able to come up with hotels with complete amenities and everything that a customer may want to find in a hotel. The five performance objectives The five performance objectives are important for an organisation not just for the purpose of obtaining corporate goals but in order to achieve competitive advantage (Slack et al., 2007). Quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost are not only determinants of good performance of an organisation but they are all essential characteristics that can be obviously found in a product or service offering. Outsourcing of service for instance, especially in hotels is found to result to reduce cost, and improve the quality and flexibility of the service (Rodriguez and Robaina, 2004). In reality, there is an observed link between business environment and the choice of operational strategy choice of the five performance objectives especially on dependability (Gyampah and Boye, 2001). Customer service in actual setting always integrates th e issue of the service speed and part of it is the determination of customer satisfaction (Davis and Maggard, 1990). Flexibility issue is widely heard among manufacturing org

YouTube Video Sharing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

YouTube Video Sharing - Essay Example YouTube.com has been the leader in Internet video search. This video entertainment site has been in operation for only a year but it has already become the most favorite video-sharing site, dislodging News Corp.'s MySpace, Yahoo, Microsoft's MSN, Google and AOL. This is the very reason why the onset You Tube, the very processes and legal aspects related to video sharing through You Tube is worth studying. Youtube serves as a quick entertainment break especially for viewers who have broadband connections at work or home. Youtube, whose original creators were students, however, is mostly popular among teens. It is said that more 100 million videos-usually short, homemade, comic videos created by users--are being seen on Youtubue every day. The record high was reported in June when an estimated 2.5 billion videos were watched on this site. Next to video lovers, online video advertisers, for sure, are the ones who are excited about the popularity of Youtube and other online video sites nowadays. With Youtube, the potential for online video advertising has become bigger. It was reported that online advertisements were the fastest-growing part of the $521-billion advertising market last year. Hence, web articles and peer reviewed journals published written and published from the year 2000 to the present are the most useful resources that can be acquired when writing about this topic. This is because You Tube was established along with the booming information technology and widespread use of internet, hence the coming of the 21st century will be the best possible years to looks for. The Form and the Medium Since a single click to see a video on Youtube can easily be counted, it also has become easier for companies to exactly track how many people are interested in their product. This, plus the fact that content providers and marketers could get instant recognition around the globe when they advertise their products online, is what attracts advertisers to put their money on online video advertising. Seeing the potential for increasing its revenues in Internet ads, web search leader Google Inc. recently bought Youtube for $1.65 billion in stock. This is so far the biggest price paid for a consumer-generated media site. Analysts said the acquisition would help Google compete in video search, an area where it has been weak. US Internet search giant Yahoo Inc., meanwhile, recently launched a video-sharing service in a move to capitalize on the trend being blazed by YouTube. The new video service's design is similar to that of Youtube, only that it has the capability to stream video which users can link their favorite footage to personal Web pages. This paper would try to compare the different video sharing facilities presented in the internet - such as the You tube, the Google and the Yahoo movies/video sharing. This will try to analyze the different factors why these forms of media are now becoming one of the most popular channel to advertise and/or market a product or service and equally powerful in disseminating information to. More so, in lieu of my final essay related to advertising, I will try to conceptualize different video advertisements (ranging from 1-5) for a varied number of products and services. These video ad concepts will have to be align with the effective and affective advertisements concepts (which will also be studied). Relevance to the Discipline The success of Youtube has been mired with controversies. For one, Youtube and other

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Argument - Essay Example In the light of the above, it may be argued that it is necessary to keep cultural traditions even if a person has moved into a new country because old culture has its own relevance in an individual’s life. Americanized immigrants like Vietnamese believe that their children will not keep their traditions alive because they do not understand why the rituals are performed on occasions. They believe that the tradition will culminate with the present generation. The children of immigrants have no idea about the prayers to be made to long departed souls. Though the old generation makes it a point to perform all the cultural traditions in varying occasions even if they live in the United States asking for the protection and guidance of the departed souls, their children are only interested in worldly matters of studies, degrees and recognitions. The agrarian ethos of family and worship has given way to the obsession of individual’s glories and ambitions. Keeping tradition alive, however, does not move away from the responsibility of the Americanized younger immigrant generations because at some point of time they regret and feel guilt for not carrying forward their cultural values (Lam 2003). It may be noted that there is not such element as timeless tradition because immigrants consider life of their ethnic society from a different perspective in a foreign land. To keep the tradition alive, immigrants usually build up their version of tradition by re-conceptualizing their past in the new foreign society to discuss issues and dilemmas. The invented tradition has a significance of its own because immigrants interpret and function in the present society according to the cultural models of the past. Factors that help immigrants to keep their cultural traditions of their home country alive are strong immigrant institutions and communities, ethnic networks and transnational relations. In

Business Customs in Saudia Arabia Research Paper - 1

Business Customs in Saudia Arabia - Research Paper Example Before opening the business in Saudi Arabia, it is important to keep in mind that it is a conservative country and its ethics and culture are no way similar to a western country like America. In Saudi Arabia, business activities are conducted at a slower pace compared to the US and so meetings initiate slowly. My advice to my client is to keep patience during business meetings as Arabians prefer to start meetings with informal conversations like topics about family and hobbies. My American client may find the meetings disordered as it is a common scenario that Arabians do not refrain from attending phone calls or allowing other people to interrupt. Americans make it a point to switch off their phones and pay total attention to whoever is speaking. In Saudi Arabia, my client will need to take the effort to bring the meeting back on track after any disruptions. While doing business with the Arabians time is not a factor since they prefer to do business at the leisurely pace. They engag e in courtesies which are lengthy, and pleasantries are exchanged both in the beginning and even during the course of the meeting. My client should be careful to avoid asking about the other person’s female relatives. Business conversations do not start before coffee is served and they frequently fall silent which indicates not rudeness but that they are contemplating. Contrary to the Americans who are task-oriented and therefore more particular about time, the Arabian culture is more relation-driven and so they focus on timing.

Brand Repositioning of McDonald in New Zealand Case Study

Brand Repositioning of McDonald in New Zealand - Case Study Example For example, involving Sarah Ulmer, a world-class young track cyclist, in McDonald's advertising campaigns one core communication objective was attained: Other successful communication tools included a comprehensive website - www.mcdonalds.co.nz - providing nutritional facts, promoting road safety campaigns using McDonald's popular clown character Ronald, and support for charities such as Ronald McDonald's Houses which accommodated families whose children were in hospitals. Overall, McDonald's New Zealand market repositioning was re-enhanced positively as a result in terms of a stronger cut-through (i.e. increased consumer recall for both old and new offerings), more positive perception of McDonald's brand (e.g. "Offers more healthy food options," +42% over November-December 2003[31%] / May-June 2004[44%]), increased attractiveness towards specific offerings (e.g. Salad Plus and Happy Meal Choice), increased sales (second highest in 27 years over July 2003 - June 2004), increased sales from both old (40%) and new (60%) offerings, and exporting McDonald's New Zealand's successful 'Eat Smart, Be Active' program world over.

Shear Strength Tests Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Brand Repositioning of McDonald in New Zealand Case Study

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Film Marketing Marketing Campaign on the film 300 (2006) written and Essay

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Causes of conflict in romantic relationships

Causes of conflict in romantic relationships As long as people have gotten romantically involved with one another, there has been conflict within those relationships. Some people argue that conflict is bad for the relationship and will ultimately lead to the demise of that relationship. Others argue that the conflict is good for the relationship and will help it to flourish. Conflict can be both positive and negative for a relationship. It can both help and hinder the relationship. No matter what stage the relationship is in and whether or not the relationship is being helped or hurt, conflict is always happening in different contexts. Conflict is also caused by numerous reasons. These reasons include a lack of interpersonal communication skills, low levels of trust, physical abuse, an individuals past history in relationships, and many others. Not many people in the world can say that they have had a 100% successful romantic relationship. Looking at the high divorce rate in the United States can prove this. However, there are those couples that have remained together for numerous years. As I am sure that conflict played a big part in ending a large number of relationships, I am also sure that the successful relationships have had their fair share of conflict and have even been helped by that conflict. In this paper, I have constructed nine propositions relating conflict to certain behaviors within romantic relationships. Each one will be defined, summarized, and supported according to the available research. P1- Women that have been abused in the past are more likely to remain in an abusive relationship. Unfortunately, thousands of women are abused everyday in the United States. This abuse can be physical, verbal, or psychological. Women, by nature, seem to hold a higher sense of personal worth when involved in a relationship. From birth, women are taught by society to conform to certain expectations and definitions of what it means to be a female. Growing up, women always here phrases such as Thats not lady like or You should be treated like a lady. What does it mean to be a lady? According to most societies, it means that women are the weaker sex and are always in need of a man to take care of them. Men are taught, from birth, what it means to be a man. This definition is usually one of dominance and control. This is shown in phrases such as I am the man of the house. When a woman is abused earlier in life she is trained in that frame of mind that women are the conformists and men are the dictators. Violence by men is a major component of the larger social hierarchy of gender. (Woods, 1999, p. 481). The abuse in these relationships usually instills feelings of inferiority, which goes along with their societal learning from childhood. Not only does this abuse give feelings of inferiority but also feelings of shame which lead to a sense of obligation to conserve the relationship to the best of her ability. According to a study done by K.M.Landenburger (1988), most women in these instances gave up on themselves before they gave up on their partners. If giving up on themselves, the logical conclusion is that they will eventually see the abuse as a social norm and will expect that in future relationships, thus repeating the cycle over and over again. P2- Women who have had more sexual partners increase their likelihood of abuse in a romantic relationship. Again, in this proposition, abuse is defined as physical, verbal, or psychological. As in any situation, the more exposure that a person has to a certain element, the more risk is involved pertaining to that element. In this case, women who have more sexual partners are exposing themselves to a greater risk factor of being intimate with that one that will engage in some sort of abusive behavior. With the increased exposure to a number of intimate partners, there comes a decreased sense of control for the women involved in these relationships. (Neufeld, McNamara, Ertl, 1999). When a person loses their sense of control, they become vulnerable and susceptible to incidence of abuse. According to the Abusive Behavior Inventory, (Shephard and Campbell, 1992 shown in Neufield, McNamara, Ertl 1999) the instance of abuse with a high number of partners went up significannot ly in all aspects of the definition. However it seemed that the highest level of abuse occurred psychologically. The ABI also indicated that 5% of undergraduate females had over seven sexual partners in a six-month period. This group showed the highest incidence of abuse within those relationships. It seems to me that any people who expose themselves to a high number such as this are going to put themselves in a situation where the abuse would be expected, to an outside observer. P3- High levels of insecurity cause high levels of dependency on romantic relationships. Dependency is defined as the reliance of an individual on another person for the satisfaction of his/her needs. (Attridge, Berscheid, Sprecher, 1998). In this case, insecurity can be defined as relational meaning a person will have doubts and uncertainties about the relationship that he/she is in. Insecurity is a sign that a person is lacking a perceived need in their life. Insecurity would then be the counterpart of dependency as w person would be lacking something therefore depending on something else. This is explained as Theory views the degree to which a person is dependent on a specific relationship as a function, not only of the number and importance of the needs the relationship currently satisfies for the individual, but also as a function of the extent to which those needs cannot be satisfied by alternative means. (Attridge, Berscheid, Sprecher, 1998, p. 33). When a person believes both that a relationship fills specific needs and that there are a lack of alternatives to fulfilling those needs a greater level of dependence is going to occur. Different factors that may lead to insecurity include the appearance of another person that the partner appears to have an attraction to, or a perceived lack of interest from the partner. Whatever the cause for the insecurity, it seems to always lead to a further dependence on that relationship. The reason for this is a fear of losing the relationship, therefore resulting in a further need for the counterpart to preserve the relationship. P4- Women are more likely than men to want a higher level of closeness in a romantic relationship. Closeness in any relationship is important in order for the relationship to flourish. I believe that most people involved in romantic relationships feel this way and desire that closeness. However, it is my contention that women perceive that closeness as playing a much bigger role than men do. As previously stated in Proposition 1, men and women are taught different things about gender roles from the time they are born. Women are supposed to be the caretakers of the relationships and men are supposed to be the hunter and gatherers that are independent and dont need to always have that closeness. (Feeney, 1999). In regards to closeness in romantic relationships, the partner that is more likely to initiate conversation about issues affecting the relationship is more likely to be the one who puts more value on closeness. In contrast, the partner who puts less value on closeness is more likely to avoid these conversations. In a study done by Judith Feeney, 37 out of 72 couples that were interviewed revealed that there was a difference of opinion when it came to the issues of closeness and distance. This doesnt necessarily show that these women felt that the closeness factor was more important than the men did. As one man interviewed stated: She didnt seem to really want me to much of a part of her life. Because of that, because I hate being neglected, I tended to react by neglecting her. Like I was trying to find faults within her so I could make myself feel better. I was always trying to find faults with her. (cf. Feeney, 1999). This man clearly felt that closeness was more important to the relationship than his female counterpart. Despite this mans view on closeness, 26 out of the 37 that reported different ideas about closeness and distance, said that the female in the relationship held a higher view of importance on closeness than the man did in their romantic relationship. P5- People with a high level of distrust in their partners feelings towards them, are more likely to have unstable romantic relationships. All relationships need to be based on trust if they are going to succeed. If you dont trust the partner you are with or vice-versa, then that relationship will never have the strong foundation that relationships need in order to succeed. Distrust in a partners feelings will form an emotional barrier between the two participants that are involved with each other. This barrier will eventually become the main focus of the relationship thereby halting all opportunities to focus on other aspects of that relationship. (Simpson, Grich, Ickes, 1999). For example, if a man distrusts his significannot other, he may always ask if she is happy, or if anything is bothering her. She always says that she is happy and nothing is wrong, but she doesnt understand why he keeps asking. This eventually becomes more than an annoyance to her and she finally starts telling him to stop asking. The man then thinks that she is mad and has further distrust in her feelings. This whole scenario demonstrates how the focus shifts from the relationship to his constant distrust in her feelings. P6- People with low self-esteem are more likely to experience feelings of jealousy in romantic relationships. Jealousy is one of the most powerful and dangerous feelings when dealing with conflict within romantic relationships. (Guerrero, 1998). Jealousy can cause depression, distrust, and /or anger, all of which are very harmful to relationships. When one person in a relationship has a low level of self-esteem, that person has feelings of inadequacy about him/herself in some aspect of his life. The inadequacies that the person feels causes him/her to feel like his partner can get something from someone or something else that he/she cant give. (Guerrero, 1998). Therefore, when the partner shows interest in something else (e.g. another potential mate, a job, or a new found friend), the other half of that relationship is consumed with threatening feelings that his partner is getting something, that he/she perceives as something that he/she cant give, from a source outside of their relationship. These feelings will cause conflict within him/her as well as within the relationship. Because one person in the relationship has low self-esteem, he/she believes that he needs the relationship but his/her partner doesnt necessarily need him/her. (Attridge, Berscheid, Sprecher, 1998). This will also cause the person to feel threatened when he/she thinks that there is a potential threat to that security blanket. This threat will be shown in the form of jealousy. P7- Men who are controlling to their partners are more likely to become physically abusive. In many romantic relationships, one of the partners feels the need to be controlling. They usually do this by restricting their partners social interactions, monitoring their activities, and reducing their decision-making power. (Ehrensaft Vivian, 1999, p. 251). Men, by nature, have the need to feel that they are always in control. This is especially evident in romantic relationships. Some men however take it to the extreme. They feel the need to watch and control their partners every move. Sometimes this controlling behavior can turn into violent behavior. If a man, who is controlling, feels like he is losing that control, he will many times move to more extreme measures to gain that control back. A survey done on battered women showed that most women reported their partner to be controlling and restrictive before the physical abuse began. Furthermore, most battering men reported that before they became physically abusive to their intimate partners, they made excessive attempts to limit the independence, decision making power, and social networks of their partner, in some cases they even felt entitled to control them. (Ehrensaft Vivian, 1999, p. 253). P8- Couples that express empathy in conflict are more likely to develop a stable romantic relationship. When in conflict it is always important to express empathy in order for the conflict to be constructive. Empathy can be explained as having a basic understanding of what the other person is thinking and feeling. Empathy, in my opinion, is one of the key ingredients to having successful communication. It is seen as being so important in romantic relationships that people have developed empathy-training workshops for people involved in romantic relationships. Many scholars have reported that the two main components of empathy are listening and suspending ones own thoughts and feelings. (Long, Angera, Carter, Nakamoto, Kalso, 1999). Both of these components are essential to developing and maintaining a stable and healthy romantic relationship. Listening can be explained as a conscious attempt to listen to all information that a partner is trying to communicate to their counterpart. If one partner never listens to the other, it is impossible to know and understand what the other person is thinking or feeling unless that person is a mind reader. Without that willingness to listen it is therefor impossible to be empathic. Suspending ones own thoughts and feelings is of equal importance. A person cannot shown any signs of empathy if that person is overly focused upon his/her self. (Long, Angera, Carter, Nakamoto, Kalso, 1999, p. 236). For example if a woman is expressing her concerns to her male partner about his lack of interest in going to the ballet, it is impossible for the man to be empathic if he is only focused on how much he hates the ballet. This then leads to conflict. However, if the man understands her wants and puts his aside, it will show empathy and promote better levels of communication. This will in turn result in a more stable relationship. This can also work in the exact opposite context where the woman understands how much the man dislikes the ballet and puts her feelings aside. This to will develop better communication practice. P9- Men are more likely to withdraw from a serious discussion in a romantic relationship than women are. Men are always said to be the ones in the relationship who want to avoid conflict. This is why I believe that men are more likely to avoid serious discussions about the relationship with their partner. Most of the time when there is a conflict between a couple that is romantically involved with each other, it is the sign that there is a problem in some aspect of the relationship. Most men learn throughout life to be problem solvers. This comes to be a problem if the conflict or serious discussion involves a problem that the man is unable to solve. If this is the case, the man is more likely to withdraw from that serious discussion than the woman is. (Vogel, Wester, Heesacker, 1999). This male withdraw pattern can also be explained by the fact that women are many times seen as having less control in a relationship and are therefore looking to change it. This has to start by discussing the relationship. Males on the other hand are many times seen as having more control in the relationship and therefore less open to the idea of change. This starts by withdrawing from the discussion about the relationship. (Vogel, Wester, Heesacker, 1999). As you can see, conflict happens in all aspects of romantic relationships. Like I stated earlier in this paper, sometimes it is helpful such as the use of empathy. It is also sometimes hurtful as in the case where a more controlling male is more likely to become physically abusive. However, whether it is good or bad, it is unavoidable. In these nine propositions I have shown a small fraction of a small percent of the different contexts that conflicts can occur in romantic relationships. Whether or not you agree with my propositions, the main goal of this was to study them. As there will always be romantic relationships in existence, there will also be conflict within those relationships. If other conflicts are studied, it is conceivable that methods can be developed to make all conflicts within romantic relationships positive that will result in positive outcomes.

Essay --

Justin Kim 1C-2 Oedipus: the Perfect Example of Freudian Psychology In â€Å"Oedipus the King† by Sophocles, Oedipus, the king of Thebes finds out that he kills his father and that his wife is his mother. Oedipus is very concerned for his kingdom and his people. He wants to â€Å"drive the corruption from the land† (Sophocles 109) by finding Laius’s murderer and killing him. Through his curiosity, Oedipus finds out that the man he kills long ago is Laius, who is his father, and that his wife is his mother—all in accordance with Oedipus’ prophecy. After coming on this realization as well, Jocasta, Oedipus’ wife, commits suicide, and Oedipus gouges out his eyes as a result of this. In his search for the murderer, Oedipus strives to be a fair king. Ironically, he often is not fair to the people he sees or things that are essential to him. This play demonstrates the theme of justice through Oedipus’ denial of justice in three situations—Oedipus’ meeting with Tiresias, Oedipus’ g ouging out of his eyes, and Creon’s asking of Oedipus to adjudicate fairly The theme of justice is evident during Oedipus’ meeting with Tiresias. Oedipus brings over Tiresias, the renowned prophet to tell him who the Laius’ murderer is. Tiresias, at first, tries to hide the answer, but through Oedipus’ pressing, Tiresias is forced to reveal that Oedipus kills Laius a long time ago and is the source of â€Å"the corruption of the land (178).† Oedipus, enraged at the answer, tells Tiresias that he should be ashamed for cooking up such a story and asks Tiresias who told him to do this. Tiresias responds, â€Å"You did, you forced me, twisted it out of me (179).† The most rudimentary definition of justice is fairness, and back in Ancient Greece prophets’ words were reg... ...ied† show that Oedipus’ surmise is nothing more than a guess that is unable to be proven true, which conclusively proves Oedipus is not just to Creon because all the accusations against Creon are completely false. In conclusion, Oedipus’ denial of justice especially to his eyes, Tiresias, and Creon, show that justice is an important theme in this book. Oedipus denies justice by not giving the full representation of the truth, and by hurting and blaming others for things he himself has done. By doing this, he fails to be the fair king he strives to be by trying to track down Laius’ murderer, and becomes the complete antithesis of what he wants to be. If Oedipus wants to be a just king to his people, then he should take the punishment meant for him—death—because it is fair that since he is the source of the corruption of the land, that he should die in return. Essay -- Justin Kim 1C-2 Oedipus: the Perfect Example of Freudian Psychology In â€Å"Oedipus the King† by Sophocles, Oedipus, the king of Thebes finds out that he kills his father and that his wife is his mother. Oedipus is very concerned for his kingdom and his people. He wants to â€Å"drive the corruption from the land† (Sophocles 109) by finding Laius’s murderer and killing him. Through his curiosity, Oedipus finds out that the man he kills long ago is Laius, who is his father, and that his wife is his mother—all in accordance with Oedipus’ prophecy. After coming on this realization as well, Jocasta, Oedipus’ wife, commits suicide, and Oedipus gouges out his eyes as a result of this. In his search for the murderer, Oedipus strives to be a fair king. Ironically, he often is not fair to the people he sees or things that are essential to him. This play demonstrates the theme of justice through Oedipus’ denial of justice in three situations—Oedipus’ meeting with Tiresias, Oedipus’ g ouging out of his eyes, and Creon’s asking of Oedipus to adjudicate fairly The theme of justice is evident during Oedipus’ meeting with Tiresias. Oedipus brings over Tiresias, the renowned prophet to tell him who the Laius’ murderer is. Tiresias, at first, tries to hide the answer, but through Oedipus’ pressing, Tiresias is forced to reveal that Oedipus kills Laius a long time ago and is the source of â€Å"the corruption of the land (178).† Oedipus, enraged at the answer, tells Tiresias that he should be ashamed for cooking up such a story and asks Tiresias who told him to do this. Tiresias responds, â€Å"You did, you forced me, twisted it out of me (179).† The most rudimentary definition of justice is fairness, and back in Ancient Greece prophets’ words were reg... ...ied† show that Oedipus’ surmise is nothing more than a guess that is unable to be proven true, which conclusively proves Oedipus is not just to Creon because all the accusations against Creon are completely false. In conclusion, Oedipus’ denial of justice especially to his eyes, Tiresias, and Creon, show that justice is an important theme in this book. Oedipus denies justice by not giving the full representation of the truth, and by hurting and blaming others for things he himself has done. By doing this, he fails to be the fair king he strives to be by trying to track down Laius’ murderer, and becomes the complete antithesis of what he wants to be. If Oedipus wants to be a just king to his people, then he should take the punishment meant for him—death—because it is fair that since he is the source of the corruption of the land, that he should die in return.

Teaching Young Students Essay -- Education, Language, Music

Preschool, kindergarten, and first grade are essential years in children’s life for learning how to read and understanding the basic fundamentals of language arts. Some of these concepts include letter recognition, sight word recognition, capitalization, punctuation, and reading fluency. Everything that children learn during these important years will follow them the rest of their lives. Reading and writing must start with the very basics of letter identification and then progress to writing and reading words and sentences. It is important for children to have a positive learning experience because reading is a very important skill that will continually be needed in everyday life. Whole language and balanced literacy are two commonly used methods for teaching language arts to beginning students. There are many activities used to teach young children how to read and write including the use of music in the classroom, sight words, games, and worksheets. There are two main approaches to teaching reading to young students. One common approach is whole language. Kate Walsh states that whole language â€Å"emphasizes connecting children with meaningful text as the preferred path to developing fluent readers† (10). In whole language, using the context of the sentence to figure out a word is essential. Walsh further explains the importance of context cluing in whole language by describing it as â€Å"having children identify new words by discerning their meaning in the context of the text† (10). Another approach to teaching reading is balanced literacy which, unlike whole language, â€Å"fuses the literature-based approach with some phonological instruction but only on an â€Å"as needed† basis† (Walsh, Glaser, Dunne 10). Mixing these two conc... ... the student must understand the difference between an uppercase and lowercase letter and when to use them in different situations. Independent exercises are important in the learning process for children because it makes them feel like they have accomplished something on their own, and they show what the child truly knows. There are many different approaches to teaching language arts to young learners. It is important to understand that every classroom and every child is different. Different activities and methods should be used with different children and different situations. Learning the basics of language arts will follow with children throughout their years of schooling and throughout their life. Learning how to read and write for a young student should be a positive and fun experience. Through different methods, many teachers have made learning fun!